Why Omega 6 Fatty Acids Are Crucial for the Health of Your Heart

Much attention has recently been paid to the potential harm caused by saturated and particularly so-called "trans fats" in the diet. Saturated fats are commonly those derived from animal sources, particularly meat and dairy produce, whereas trans fats are otherwise healthy polyunsaturated oils which have been artificially treated to make them solid at room temperature. 

These are regarded as especially pernicious because they are very commonly hidden in popular processed foods such as pies, cakes, biscuits, bread and pizza dough, to name but a few.

Amongst the worst effects of trans fats are a dramatic increase in blood levels of low-density lipids (LDL), the so-called "bad cholesterol" , which is known to be a major risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and other forms of cardiovascular disease. And as if this wasn't bad enough, trans fats also increase the production of the free

radicals which oxidise this bad cholesterol. http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

Some studies, however, suggest that it is not so much the intake of saturated and trans fats in itself which is the problem, but the ratio of saturated fat to polyunsaturated fatty acids consumed, and the replacement of saturated and trans fats with polyunsaturated fatty acids is therefore highly recommended for cardiac health.

In fact large scale studies following tens of thousands of subjects over decades have shown the risk of coronary heart disease to be reduced by as much as a quarter in those obtaining the highest proportion of their energy intake from polyunsaturated fatty acids when compared with those at the lower end of the scale.http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

The omega 6 fatty acid, linoleic acid, is the polyunsaturate most richly supplied by a normal diet and there is good evidence that those of the omega-6 group are the most effective at reducing blood levels of Low Density Lipids (LDL). Evidence also suggests that although omega 3 fatty acids may help reduce blood triglycerides, which is a significant benefit, they do not have a similar effect on levels of LDL cholesterol. Therefore, although there are undoubted benefits, and especially to cardiovascular health, in increasing intakes of omega 3, particularly through the consumption of oily fish, this should not be allowed to obscure the benefits of omega 6 fatty acids.

The European Commission recommends an omega-6 intake of 4-8% of total daily calorie intake. The World Health Organization, by contrast, currently advocates omega 6 fatty acids intake of 5-8% of total energy requirements; whilst the US Food and Nutrition Board has defined Adequate Intakes (AI) of omega 6 fatty acids as daily levels ranging from 4.4 – 4.6 g for infants under 1 year to as much as 17g and 12g for adult men and women respectively.

The good news is that a decent supply of omega 6 fatty acids should be readily obtainable, because the richest dietary sources of linoleic acid are common vegetable oils like sunflower and safflower, a single tablespoon of each of which may contain as much as 9-10g. Soy, corn and sesame oils are not quite as rich in omega-6, but may still be useful. The bad news is that the processing involved in the commercial production of these oils may strip them of much of their nutritional power.

Worse still, their use in cooking may be just as harmful as the use of saturated or trans fats. But the use of as natural an oil as possible, preferably in its cold state in salads, will help provide omega-6 in its healthiest possible form; and the use of evening primrose or borage oils as supplements is also often recommended by nutritionists. Nuts such as brazils and pecans may also provide a small but useful supply of omega 6 fatty acids. http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

But which ever source is preferred, omega 6 fatty acids are like all other nutrients in that they function best in the presence of a good supply of all essential vitamins and minerals. There is particular evidence, however, to suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega-6, may be more susceptible to oxidative, ie free radical, damage than saturated fats. In order to ensure the maximum possible benefit from omega 6 fatty acids (and for that matter, omega 3) some nutritionists therefore suggest that any increase in intake of polyunsaturates should be accompanied by a corresponding intake in vitamin E, the body's most important fat-soluble anti-oxidant; an increase which will also deliver numerous health benefits in its own right.

Read many more articles at: http://www.sisyphuspublicationsonline.com http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

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NFL | Denver trades Jay Cutler to Bears for Kyle Orton, two first round picks

By Seattle Times news services

ENGLEWOOD, Colo. — Jay Cutler got his wish Thursday: a ticket out of Denver. And the Chicago Bears have a franchise quarterback for the first time in decades.

The Broncos announced Thursday they had agreed to trade their disgruntled Pro Bowl passer to the Bears, who have gone through a bevy of quarterbacks without much success ever since Jim McMahon was calling plays in the 1980s.

The Broncos will get quarterback Kyle Orton in return, along with two first-round draft picks and a third-rounder.

The Broncos get the Bears' top pick in this year's draft, which is No. 18 overall, and Chicago's first-round draft pick in 2010, along with a third-round selection this year (No. 84 overall). Denver also gave up a fifth-rounder this year.

Chicago immediately made a move to help protect Cutler, agreeing to a three-year contract with free-agent left tackle Orlando Pace, 33. The seven-time Pro Bowler was released by the Rams in a move to clear $6 million in cap room.

Cutler asked for a trade last month after his relationship with Josh McDaniels soured when the new 32-year-old coach talked to other teams about trading him. Cutler and his agent didn't think McDaniels was upfront with them about the trade talks.

Two meetings designed to clear the air only raised Cutler's level of distrust. Still, McDaniels insisted over and over that Cutler was his guy and he said at last week's NFL owners meetings that he would do everything he could to repair their relationship.

When the rocket-armed but thin-skinned passer didn't return the Broncos' phone calls, however, team owner Pat Bowlen said enough was enough. On Tuesday night, he announced he had given his new brain trust of McDaniels and general manager Brian Xanders the go-ahead to seek a trade for the quarterback who made the Pro Bowl in just his second season as a starter.

Cutler expressed surprise and remorse Wednesday night to foxsports.com.

"I was surprised they decided to trade me this soon," Cutler told the site. "I didn't want to get traded. This wasn't me. They [the Broncos] had been going back and forth saying things, wanting me to be their quarterback, and then they didn't. I really didn't want this. I love Denver. I really like my teammates. I didn't want it to get this far."

Now, the Bears have a top quarterback, albeit one with baggage.

"I don't have any concerns," Bears general manager Jerry Angelo said. "[Coach Lovie Smith] and I talked about that. We did, like a lot of people who were interested in Jay, a lot of work going back to not just when he was with Denver [but] but going back to his days at Vanderbilt."

Although Cutler is 17-20 as a starter, he's been victimized by dismal defenses in Denver, and he was an impressive 13-1 when the Broncos held opponents to 21 points or fewer.

In 2008, Cutler threw for a franchise-record 4,526 yards, 25 touchdowns and 18 interceptions.

Notes

• Cleveland Browns wide receiver Donte Stallworth, 28, surrendered in court to face charges that he was driving drunk when he struck and killed a pedestrian after a night of drinking at a ritzy Miami Beach hotel. He later was released and expressed condolences to the family of victim Mario Reyes, 59. Stallworth was led away in handcuffs and was later released on $200,000 bail.

• The Tennessee Titans have asked the NFL to consider tampering charges against the Washington Redskins in the signing of free-agent defensive tackle Albert Haynesworth, The (Nashville) Tennessean reported.

• An agent for suspended NFL star Michael Vick told a bankruptcy court in Newport News, Va., that he hopes the ex-Atlanta Falcons quarterback could return to the league by September. Once released from prison, Vick has lined up a $10-an-hour construction job.

• Former Boston College lineman B.J. Raji, who is considered the top defensive tackle eligible for the draft, reportedly failed a drug test at the NFL combine.

• Defensive end Phillip Daniels, 36, signed a one-year contract to return to the Washington Redskins. The former Seahawk missed the 2008 season when he tore a ligament in his left knee.

• The Arizona Cardinals have signed free-agent fullback Dan Kreider to a one-year deal.

• The Dallas Cowboys have re-signed guard Cory Procter to a one-year contract.

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Shana Brown, 32, Drugs 13-Year Old Daughter, So her Boyfriend, Duane Calloway, Could Impregnate the Teen, This is the Third Attempt

This is the second impregnation story I have heard in recent weeks. The first was Stephanie Lighten trying to artificially inseminate her wife using a turkey baster and now we have an even more horrific attempt. Police have said that a western Pennsylvania mother, Shana Brown, drugged her 13-year-old daughter so her boyfriend could get the girl pregnant. The Uniontown police said Brown was no longer able to have children, but wanted a baby with her boyfriend.

A detective disclosed to the media that Brown and her boyfriend attempted to impregnate the girl on three occasions. He said the girl prevented the rapes. The girl's paternal grandmother reported the incidents to police in the town about 50 miles south of Pittsburgh. Brown is facing several charges, including endangering the welfare of children.

The boyfriend, 40-year-old Duane Calloway, faces charges of attempted rape. It wasn't immediately clear if he has an attorney. Source: Breitbart

These people are criminals and they are selfish. This woman has no regard for herself and very little for her daughter. That is a shame that the best she could hope for her child is to become pregnant for her boyfriend. That's a travesty and they deserve a lengthy prison sentence. That will be two less scumbags running around our communities.

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RIMM tonight

Time just flies. Seems like only yesterday we were kicking the earnings pre-season off with RIMM getting blasted.

But wait a sec., RIMM beat the rush this quarter, gapping down 15% in mid February. So thanks to that (I'm guessing), not much in the way of expectations for fireworks tonight. The April 45-50 strangle trading in the high 4's now, translating to about an 85 volatility or so.

Tough to tell where volatility might go after tonight. I suspect mid 60's, but given that this is to some extent the first look at earnings reactions in the "new" bull, hard to know. Market volatility in general is strong, as we know, but by the same token RIMM 10 Day HV has cratered lately as the chart below shows.

Anyway, mid 60's volatility translates to about an 8% move tonight, far from cosmic for RIMM. I prefer shorting options into earnings, so I'm going to take a rain check on this one as I don't feel sufficiently compensated to risk a gap in my face.

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Chip Reid tragedy death news: CBS Chip Reid’s father died

Chip Reid’s father died soon after Reid arrived in London to cover President Barack Obama’s trip to Europe. Chip Reid is the CBS News Chief White House Correspondent.

Chip Reid originally planned to return home immediately. Reid’s mother and wife, Nina Reid, told him to stay in London and cover the news.The women told Reid his father would have desired him to cover President Obama’s historic trip to Europe.

Chip Reid has informed his colleagues in CBS News about the passing of his father. Reid promised to do his best and honor the memory of his father.

When Chip Reid asked President Obama a question about what degree others at the G20 summit blamed America’s perceived role in the global economic crisis. Before Obama responded to the question, he took a moment to address Reid’s personal grief at losing his father. Chip Reid thanked Obama for his condolences

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Edible Flowers: Used as anti-depressants, cholesterol lowering statins, antihistamines , Effects, Fights againt ailments & diseases

Are you aware that flowers are also used as food item and as disease curers? Yes it's true; the flowers which are eaten are known as Edible Flowers.

Edible flowers are organically produced, non-toxic flowers containing certain specific properties through which they enrich our meals and also simultaneously cure us of our diseases. These flowers are fairly inexpensive, devoid of side-effects, act in tune with our body's natural response system and are used in treating ailments across the world. These flowers have become a suitable alternative to drugs such as anti-depressants, cholesterol lowering statins, antihistamines and their likes. http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

The medicinal properties of edible flowers fairly fight off diseases that befall us; besides they also play a significant role in making our food wholesome and appetizing. Edible flowers are the most preferred form of natural food as they are derived straight from the nature. They are a part of organic food which has presently become a suitable means of escape from the chemically synthesized, processed and flavored food. They sufficiently add nutrient value as well as flavor and color to dishes like desserts, cakes, salads and beverages; are used frequently in flavored oils, marinades and jellies. Generally the petals of edible flowers are
eaten but in some flowers like safflower and crocus their stigma is preferred for its herbal properties. Among the whole range of edible flowers there are some which are eaten by themselves while others like squash blossoms are first deeply fried and then used for consumption.http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

On tracing down the historical use of edible flowers we are pushed far back to the ancient Roman civilization where flowers like mallow, rose and violets were significantly used to lend aroma and flavor to the different kinds of eatables. The Chinese, Greeks, mid-eastern and Indian cultures have been consuming edible flowers from a very early period. In England particularly during the reign of Queen Victoria edible flowers like roses were used in a wide array of dishes.

Some edible flowers along with detailed information on the cures that they offer against different diseases:

Achillea: 

Achillea is primarily known for its antispasmodic, astringent, diaphoretic and diuretic properties. Generally, Achillea is used to treat a wide array of diseases but specifically utilized in curing cold, fevers, kidney diseases and menstrual pain. It is also used in treating toothache, pneumonia, nephritis, and Bright's disease. The leaves of Achillea are edible and are mixed with salad before consumption. Teas and condiments prepared through the proper utilization of this herb should be made a part of our daily lifestyle.

Rose: 

The rose flower is therapeutically valuable in removing headache, strengthening the heart; as a cooling agent, as an astringent and also in providing relief to haggard eyes. To add to the efficacy of rose, it is also a superb blood purifier. The edible parts are hips, petals and shoots. Petals are consumed in raw form while hips are taken in combination with other food. They are first grounded and then applied to baked food. Different types of syrups, jams and marmalades prepared from rose hips are also extensively available in markets.http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

Lotus: 

Generally known as an effective cardio tonic, lotus is used in treating sunstroke, insomnia; liver, urinary troubles. In the Ayurvedic natural treatment it is particularly used for curing mild troubles like cough, cold and serious diseases like dysentery and diarrhea. Leaves, petioles, flowers, rhizomes and seeds of Lotus are consumed raw as well as in the form of different compounds formed by them. Lotus leaves, petioles, flowers and rhizomes are cooked and taken in vegetable form. Lotus rhizomes are also used in the preparation of wide range of pickles while lotus seeds are deliciously tasty and so frequently eaten raw. Sometimes seeds are even roasted, boiled, and used in sweetened candy preparation.http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

Borage: 

The Borage flower considerably fights against diseases like osteoarthritis, circulatory heart diseases and pulmonary troubles. It is also a proper swelling and stress reliever. The Borage parts mostly consumed are the leaves, flowers and stems. Fresh leaves are taken by themselves as well as in salad form. The various fruit drinks and salads prepared by borage flowers are as much important to us as the beverages properly flavored by the stems of this plant. The allopathic treatment prescribes borage capsules to patients suffering from a diverse range of ailments.http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

Dandelion: 

The medicinal properties of this flower are extensively used in treating various liver, gall bladder and urinary disorders; against gallstones, jaundice, and cirrhosis and also in treating dyspepsia. Therapeutically, Dandelion is a diuretic and also reduces the cholesterol level in the body. For better functioning of the healing properties of Dandelion, its leaves, flowers, roots are consumed in fairly effective ways. Flowers and leaves are eaten raw and at times cooked. Roots are roasted and also used in tea preparation. Leaves and roots of this plant are mostly used to flavor herbal beer and soft drinks.http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

Angelica:

Various diseases like fever, cold, cough, flatulent colic and other stomach problems are successfully treated through Angelica. Along with providing proper cure for these diseases, Angelica protects the kidney against ischemia and reperfusion injury. The roots and shoots of Angelica are wildly consumed: Roots are taken only through tea made out of them while shoots are the perfect combination with a variety of salads. The shoots of Angelica are also boiled and taken as a pot herb.

Artichoke: 

As a traditional remedy, Artichoke works against sluggish liver, poor digestion and atherosclerosis. It also efficaciously wards off diseases like hypertension, anemia, diarrhea, fevers , ulcers and gout. The edible portions include the heart, petals and stem which are consumed in their natural form as well as by mixing them with butter, mayonnaise and salad.

from: Herbsncures.com

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Kalmegh [A herbal medicine ] :An Antimicrobial, fights cancer,common cold, sinusitis, and tonsillitis also Diabetes

Since ancient times kalmegh, is used as a wonder drug in traditional Siddha and Ayurvedic systems of medicine. The therapeutic value of Kalmegh is due to its mechanism of action which is perhaps by enzyme induction. The plant extract exhibits antityphoid and antifungal activities. Kalmegh is also reported to possess antihepatotoxic, antibiotic, antimalarial, antihepatitic, antithrombogenic, antiinflammatory, antisnakevenom, and antipyretic properties to mention a few, besides its general use as an immunostimulant agent. A recent study conducted at Bastyr University, confirms anti-HIV activity of andrographolide.

The Flower

Andrographis

Scientific Name(s): Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. Nees. Family: Acanthaceae

Common Name(s): Kalmegh (Hindi), Kalmegha (Snaskrit), Chuanxinlian (Chinese), Kalupnath , Kirayat (Hindi), Mahatita (King of Bitters), Alui , Bhunimba , Bhui-neem , Yavatikta (Sanskrit), Sam biloto (Malay)

Famili : Acanthaceae

Location found : Widely distributed throughout the plains of India from uttar Pradesh to Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

A Ebook On Cultivation Of Kalmegh

kalmegh

The Plant

Clinical Overview

Uses of Andrographis

Kalmegh has been used for liver complaints and fever, and as an anti-inflammatory and immunostimulant. In clinical trials, Andrographis extract has been studied for use as an immunostimulant in upper respiratory tract infections and HIV infection. http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

The potential of andrographolide as an anticancer agent is being investigated. However, clinical evidence to support the use of Kalmegh for any indication is lacking.

Andrographis Dosing

The usual daily dose of andrographolides for common cold, sinusitis, and tonsillitis is 60 mg. Doses of 10 mg/kg resulted in the discontinuation of a clinical trial because of adverse reactions. Clinical trials in children with upper respiratory tract infection reported the use of andrographolide 30 mg daily for 10 days.http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

Dried Kalmegh

Andrographis Adverse Reactions

Headache, fatigue, rash, bitter/metallic taste, diarrhea, pruritus, and decreased sex drive were reported in 1 clinical trial. One HIV-positive participant experienced an anaphylactic reaction. Doses used in this trial were 10 mg/kg body weight.

Botany

A. paniculata is an erect annual herb that grows 30 to 110 cm in height and is native to India, China, and Southeast Asia. It is widely cultivated in Asia. The square stem has wings on the angles of new growth and is enlarged at the nodes, while small white flowers with rose-purple spots are borne on a spreading panicle. The plant produces yellowish-brown seeds, and all parts have an extremely bitter taste. The portion of the plant appearing above ground are harvested in the fall. The genetic variability of the species has been examined.http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

History

A. paniculata has been used for centuries in India, China, Thailand, and other Asian countries and is present in 26 different polyherbal formulations in the Ayurvedic traditional health system. Kalmegh is listed in the 1992 Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of China as a cold property herb used to rid the body of fevers and dispel toxins. An immunostimulant preparation known as Kan Jang , which contains Kalmegh and eleutherococcushas, been used in Scandinavian countries for 20 years. Kalmegh is also manufactured and marketed in the United States.

Chemistry

The diterpene lactone andrographolide was first isolated as a major constituent 6 and later characterized as a lactone.  Its full structure was determined in the 1960s,  and x-ray crystallography later confirmed the structure.  A number of related minor diterpenes and their glycosides have since been identified.Methods of analysis, including high-pressure liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance,  have been published. A method for rapid isolation of andrographolide is also available.  When callus cultures of the plant were investigated, andrographolide and the other diterpenes were not produced. Instead, the sesquiterpenes paniculides A-C were found.  Other constituents of the plant include various flavones.  http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

Andrographis Uses and Pharmacology

Antimicrobial

Extracts of Andrographis and andrographolide derivatives have shown modest activity in vitro against HIV ; however, a phase 1 study of andrographolide showed no effect on viral replication after 6 weeks, despite increased CD4 counts. http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

Activity in antimalarial screens has also been noted for Andrographis extracts, but clinical trials are lacking. http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

The extract of A. paniculata blocked Escherichia coli enterotoxin-induced secretion in rabbit and guinea pig models of diarrhea. Andrographolide and 3 other related diterpenes were responsible for this action.  Other in vitro experiments present conflicting results for the action of andrographolide and leaf extracts on E. coli . http://hallosushant.blogspot.comhttp://hallosushant.blogspot.com

Cancer

Animal and in vitro experiments using human cancer cell lines to investigate the potential anticancer effects of A.

paniculata have found andrographolide responsible for the observed effects rather than other diterpenes.  Various mechanisms of action have been proposed, including enhancement of chemokine activity, inhibition of tumor-specific angiogenesis affecting cell cycle progression, and induction of apoptosis. Cancer cell lines investigated include prostate, breast, cervical, colon, hepatoma, melanoma, and lymphocytic leukemia. Researchers are now focusing on synthesizing compounds based on andrographolide to improve selectivity and potency. 

The need for caution has been raised by one group of researchers because andrographolide-enhanced SDF-1-chemokine activity might induce tumor cell metastasis. . paniculata extract has also induced cell differentiation in mouse myeloid leukemia cells. http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

Immunostimulant

Animal data

Both antigen-specific and antigen-nonspecific immune responses in mice were stimulated by andrographolide and an ethanolic extract; the extract was more potent than andrographolide, suggesting that other constituents also were immunostimulants. Inhibition of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and mast cell stabilization was observed in studies of the purified diterpenes in rats. 

Clinical data

A systematic review of 4 clinical trials found A. paniculata , either alone or in a fixed combination with A. senticosus ( Kan Jang ), significantly more effective than placebo ( P < p =" 0.0002,">

A small study in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (Nߙ=ߙ24) found a decrease in frequency, duration, and severity of febrile attacks, compared with placebo. 

Stimulation of the production of key cytokines and immune activation markers has been investigated as potential mechanisms of andrographolide immunomodulation. http://hallosushant.blogspot.com

Other uses

Extracts of Andrographis have demonstrated hypoglycemic action in rats with streptozotocin- and alloxan-induced diabetes, supporting a traditional use of Kalmegh.  Clinical trials are lacking.

Two older trials explored a possible hypotensive effect of andrographolide/Kalmegh, but further investigation has not been conducted. 

Animal experiments suggest that the extract of A. paniculata is hepatoprotective, but clinical trials are lacking. Hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes were elevated in 1 animal experiment,  however, in a clinical trial, elevated liver enzymes (AST and ALT) were reported. 

Andrographolide has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in several cellular systems, including prevention of phorbol ester-induced reactive oxygen species and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced adhesion in rat neutrophils,  inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-induced upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule expression, and monocyte adhesion 57 and activation of protein kinase pathways. 

Dosage

Kalmegh dosage in clinical studies has ranged from 3 to 6 g of the crude plant.

The usual daily dose of andrographolides for common cold, sinusitis, and tonsillitis is 60 mg, but doses up to 1,200 mg have been reported. Andrographolide 48 mg daily was used in a trial of familial Mediterranean fever. Doses of 5 to 10 mg/kg were used in a trial in HIV patients, but adverse reactions at this dosage stopped the trial. 

Clinical trials in children with upper respiratory tract infection reported the use of andrographolide 30 mg daily for 10 days. 

Adverse Reactions

Research reveals few adverse reactions reported with the use of A. paniculata . However, adverse reactions (eg, headache, fatigue, rash, bitter/metallic taste, diarrhea, pruritus, decreased sex drive) during a phase 1 study of andrographolide in HIV required interruption of the trial. One HIV-positive participant experienced an anaphylactic reaction. Doses of andrographolide 10 mg/kg body weight were used when the adverse reactions became apparent.  In the same trial, elevated liver enzymes were experienced by many of the participants. Two cases of urticaria have been reported in other trials.

Toxicology

Toxicology studies are limited, but Kalmegh does not appear to be acutely toxic. Acute lethal doses (median lethal dose) in mice are reported to be more than 40 g/kg for andrographolide.

Male reproductive toxicology of Andrographis has been studied. A subchronic 60-day study in male rats showed no changes in testicular weight, histology, or testosterone levels.  However, detailed studies in rats given purified andrographolide for 48 days showed decreases in sperm counts and motility that were linked to disruption of spermatogenesis. 

A small, short-duration, phase 1 clinical trial in healthy men found no negative effects at doses 3 times the usual daily dose of Kan Jang . Instead, a positive trend in the number of spermatozoids, percent active forms, and fertility indexes was found. Limitations of the study included the small number of participants (N = 14), the short duration of the study (10 days), and the low dose tested (3 times the normal dose versus 10-fold in animal studies).

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